Factors Impacting Decision Making And Indecision - 2659 Words

Factors Impacting Decision Making and Indecision Amy Hines University of Minnesota Abstract This is a discussion on the dynamics of decision making and indecision and their impacts. It offers an overview in decision theory and its evolution through decision frameworks that have been analyzed and developed to accommodate the ever-changing individual and environment. This is a comprehensive look at the underlying influences on the decision making process. It reaches the span across different specialties from biological to personality. Within those areas it addresses a variety of psychological processes, positive and negatives, through to career focused decision theories and impacts on the individual. The important aspect†¦show more content†¦The aspects that will be discussed in the following will assess the background of decision theory, frameworks of decision and action, factors that influence and difficulties when faced with the indecisiveness. Understanding the decision making frameworks, factors such as genetic makeup, personality, environmental and emotional impacts that influence our decisions will provide insight on counseling strategies, preventative or institutional development. The process an individual goes through to make a decision is a complicated one. Deciphering the system one needs to look at where the theories started and how they evolved. The expected utility theory (EU theory) otherwise known as the Decision Theory that is essentially weighing the options and determine the maximum value (compensatory) under the assumption an individual is a rational being. The possibility of loss can be compensated by a potential large gain (Busemeyer 2015). It evolved to add inclusions for rank dependent utility (RDU) to compensate for the violation of the independence axiom or rule that originated in the EU theory. The independence axiom or contingency is best understood as the third option that is presented independent to the first two, but does not influence the order of preference that was established prior to the introduction of the third

Us And Japan Business A Culture Of Progress - 1575 Words

US and Japan Business: A Culture in Progress While many of the world’s economic powers seem similar, there is no doubt there are some very key differences. Many of these differences can be attributed to cultural differences within each of the countries. While many of these countries work together in global business efforts, cultural differences would certainly have a significant impact on management style, leadership and even work ethic of the employees. The United States and Japan are both strong economic powers that hold to a capitalistic economic system. Their management styles, however, are very different. This can often be explained through the differences in culture and management or leadership styles. Over the years, the two†¦show more content†¦Lower power distance scores reflect more equal or flat environment where management and employees are considered equals. US versus Japan In Hofstede’s model, the United States and Japan rank very similarly in Power Distance. The US ranks just a bit lower than Japan, at 40. This means most decision making and responsibility in the US come directly from the leaders, with some input from the employees. In Japan, the power distance dimension is ranked a bit higher 54. This may be because in Japan, decision making is subject to a number of levels of peer review and scrutiny before it is approved. Given the close ranking, work relationships between a US company and Japan company should fare well with regard to Power Distance. Some clarity and upfront discussion of who is responsible for decision making would allow this relationship to be effective. Individualism – Collectivism This dimension is described by Hofstede (1980, 2001) as the framework where society decides if they are closely related to their group or if they are more individualistic. Does the individual come first? Or does the team? In more individualist countries, focus is on the individuals interest and needs, value is placed on the person specifically, individuals are awarded for their efforts (i.e. leaders take credit for

Confucianism In a Nut Shell Free Essays

Confucianism does not have any particular belief(s) about after life. It only focuses on the earthly life, and specifically puts emphasis on cleaving Harmony. In fact, followers of Confucianism ultimate goal Is social harmony; meaning, they must know their place in the social order. We will write a custom essay sample on Confucianism In a Nut Shell or any similar topic only for you Order Now In finding this (their place in the social order), they are guided by the 1) Five cardinal relations a. Ruler and subject b. Father and son c. Cubans and wife d. Elder and younger brother e. Friend to friend; and their 2) Five virtues a. Rene or humaneness; the quality of compassion for others, (may include both people and animals). Key concepts of Rene are love, mercy, and humanity. B. Yell or honesty and righteousness. C. Lie or propriety and correct behavior. D. Chi or wisdom or knowledge. E. Sin or fidelity and sincerity. [2 3] Also, Confucianism greatly believes that the center of everything is their family, and that it comes before the individual person. They do not necessarily ignore the Seibel existence of gods; it is Just that in their system, a divine being does not have any significant role in their lives. Its philosophy is man centered and relies in self- effort (In terms of Improving oneself or solving everyday problems. ) As Confucius stated, â€Å"To devote oneself earnestly to one’s duty to humanity, and while respecting the splats, to keep aloof from them, may be called wisdom. How to cite Confucianism In a Nut Shell, Papers

The Catcher In The Rye Essay Example For Students

The Catcher In The Rye Essay I swear to God Im crazy. I admit it. It is very easy to automatically assume that Holden Caulfield is crazy. Its even a logical assumption since Caulfield himself admits to being crazy twice throughout the course of the book. However, calling Holden Caulfield crazy is almost the same as calling the majority of the human race crazy also. Holden Caulfield is just an adolescent trying to prevent himself from turning into what he despises the most, a phony. Most of Caulfields actions and thoughts are the same as of many people, the difference being that Holden acts upon those thoughts and has them down in writing. Holden Caulfield is a teenager growing up in New York in the 1950s. He has been expelled from school for poor achievement and was flunking four subjects and not applying myself and all. He decides to leave school a few days than what he is supposed to in an attempt to deal with his current situation. Besides, I sort of needed a little vacation. My nerves were shot. They really were. Caulfield goes to New York to take a vacation before having to face his parents inevitable wrath. During this time, he experiences a nervous breakdown that was characterized by his sudden unexplained depressions. What I really felt like, though, was committing suicide. I felt so lonesome, all of a sudden. Before his eventual nervous collapse he experienced impulsive spending and generally odd, erratic behavior. All I had was three singles and five quarters and a nickel left boy, I spent a fortune since I left Pencey. Then what I did, I went down near the lagoon and I sort of skipped the quarters and the nickel across it, where it wasnt frozen. About halfway to the bathroom, I sort of started pretending I had a bullet in my guts. During Caulfields psychological battle, life continues around him. His condition is being ignored which arises the thought whether society chooses to ignore the emptiness that can be shown in humans. ..but people never notice. People never notice anything. As Caulfields condition deteriorates, he declares the world is full of phonies and that people are out there for their own gain. He is aware that most people are phonies but is not as critical of them towards the end. One aspect of Holdens personality is his criticism toward the phony things in society. Holden considers the movies and anything having to do with it phony, including theatrical performances. I dont like any shows very much, if you want to know the truth. Theyre not as bad as movies, but theyre certainly nothing to rave about. In the first place, I hate actors. They never act like people. They just think they do. Some of the good ones do, in a very slight way, but not in a way thats fun to watch. And if any actors good, you can always tell he knows hes good, and that spoils itIf an actor acts it out, I hardly listen. I keep worrying about whether hes going to do something phony every minute. He finds the theater phony because instead of demonstrating reality as it is, the emphasis is placed on polishing it theatrically. Holden feels anger towards his brother because hes out in Hollywood, D.B., being a prostitute. He considered that D.B. was selling himself to Hollywood, which is why h e called D.B. a prostitute. He considers the movies phony and hates them so much that I dont think I could ever do it with somebody that sits in a stupid movie all day long when Sunny the prostitute was in his room. When he dances with Bernice Crabs/Krebs, he considers her a moron partially because she was on the lookout for actors at the bar because she had seen an actor the previous night. Also, it depressed him that they were planning on waking up early the next day to see the first show at Radio City Music Hall. Holdens criticism towards the phony things in society is the most important part of his personality because it shows that for him it is very important to be real and honest and not